高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法學(xué)習常見(jiàn)的幾個(gè)誤區
2020-03-03 17:43:41高考網(wǎng)整理
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(一)對名詞數的概念和規則掌握不好
英語(yǔ)中的名詞有單數、復數、可數、不可數等形式,其變化形勢復雜規則繁多,中學(xué)生常常對這些規則的運用不能得心應手,而漢語(yǔ)的名詞有沒(méi)有數的概念,一步強調可數與不可數。如:passer-by →(過(guò)路人),woman teachers →(女教師)。有些名詞形式上雖然是單數,意義上卻是復數。如:police →(警察),cattle→ (牛)。而另一些名詞形式上雖然是復數,意義上卻是單數。如:news →(消息),works →(著(zhù)作)等。
(二)冠詞的用法相互混淆
雖說(shuō)英語(yǔ)中只有定冠詞和不定冠詞,但其用法并非三言?xún)烧Z(yǔ)可以說(shuō)清,即使掌握一些規律也有不少例外。中國學(xué)生對用與不用冠詞極其容易混淆。
Can you play the violin?(在于其名詞前,用定冠詞)
The young has turned writer.(在turn等連系動(dòng)詞后作表語(yǔ)的單數名詞前習慣上不加上冠詞)
(三)對英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的幾種形式相互混淆
英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是句子的關(guān)鍵。就英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞分類(lèi)而言,有及物動(dòng)詞、不及物動(dòng)詞、瞬間動(dòng)詞、延續動(dòng)詞、感官動(dòng)詞、連系動(dòng)詞等,每一類(lèi)的動(dòng)詞都有各自的用法特征,中國學(xué)生常常把不及物動(dòng)詞當做及物動(dòng)詞用,把瞬間動(dòng)詞當做延續動(dòng)詞用。
(誤)He has come here for three years.
(正)He has been here for three years.
(誤)I have bought the computer for a long time
(正)I have had the computer for a long time
就動(dòng)詞的形式而言,非限定動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)也令中國學(xué)生頭痛,因為有些動(dòng)詞要求后面接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ),有些動(dòng)詞要求后面接動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ),還有的兩者都可以接。
Would you mind opening the window?
I remember seeing him somewhere before.
Please remember to shut the door.
又如,非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不僅僅跟句子中的主語(yǔ)有直接的邏輯關(guān)系,而且還跟非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞做什么狀語(yǔ)有關(guān)。
(誤)Seeing from the top of the hill , the city looks much more beautiful.
(正)Seen from the top of the hill , the city looks much more beautiful.
“see” 的主語(yǔ)應該是人,而不是“the city”,因此要用 “see” 的過(guò)去分詞形式,表示被動(dòng)。類(lèi)似這樣的錯誤在學(xué)生中是很常見(jiàn)的。
(四)易混淆動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)概念和形式
英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)有16種,常用的也有9種。雖說(shuō)他們的形式是固定的,但用法是靈活的。因此中國學(xué)生常常把某種時(shí)態(tài)的用法套在另一種時(shí)態(tài)的用法上。該用過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)的地方卻用過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)代替,該用過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)的地方卻過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)用代替。
(誤)I had met him in the street this morning.
(正)I met him in the street this morning.
(誤)I thought you finished your homework.
(正)I had thought you finished your homework.
(誤)When I got to the cinema ,the film already began.
(正)When I got to the cinema ,the film had already begun..
(五)對英語(yǔ)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的形式和用法不能運用自如
漢語(yǔ)中比英語(yǔ)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的使用頻率相對來(lái)說(shuō)要少得多。中國學(xué)生不習慣用英語(yǔ)被動(dòng)句。漢語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)句往往就用一個(gè)字就可以決定其被動(dòng)意思,而英語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)形式不僅與動(dòng)詞本身的形式有關(guān),而且還與時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)氣以及主語(yǔ)與動(dòng)詞的關(guān)系有關(guān)。
(誤)Australia speaks English.
(正)English is spoken in Australia.
(誤)What is to do next?
(正)What is to be done next?
(誤)I remember taking to Beijing when I was a child.
(正)I remember being taken to Beijing when I was a child.
(六)虛擬語(yǔ)氣形式的復雜性和用法的靈活性令中國學(xué)生感到困惑
(誤)I wish I know the answer now.
(正)I wish I knew the answer now.
(誤)If you had come a few minutes earlier, you would meet the scientist.
(正)If you had come a few minutes earlier, you would have met the scientist.
(誤)I suggest he goes to see the doctor at once.
(正)I suggest he (should) go to see the doctor at once.
(七)不用或錯用英語(yǔ)連接詞
漢語(yǔ)是綜合性語(yǔ)言,強調的是“意合”,句語(yǔ)句之間可以不用連詞,把種種關(guān)系隱含在上下文中:英語(yǔ)是分析性語(yǔ)言,強調的是“行合”,句語(yǔ)句之間或者是主句和從句之間需要一種方式來(lái)表達它們之間的句法關(guān)系。
(誤)Although he is old, but he works hard.
(正)Although he is old, he works hard.
(誤)Because he was ill, so he didn’t go to school.
(正)Because he was ill, so he didn’t go to school.
(正)Because he was ill, he didn’t go to school.
(正)He was ill, so he didn’t go to school.
(八)忽視一致性問(wèn)題
漢語(yǔ)的人稱(chēng)代詞和主謂一致問(wèn)題十分簡(jiǎn)單,但英語(yǔ)中的人稱(chēng)和主謂一致的問(wèn)題卻比較復雜,令中國學(xué)生困惑不已。
(誤)Three years in a foreign country seem like a long time.
(正)Three years in a foreign country seems like a long time.
注:主語(yǔ)形式上雖為復數,但意義上視為單數,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應該為單數形式。
(誤)The mother together with her daughter are on the way to school.
(正)The mother together with her daughter is on the way to school.
注:主語(yǔ)是“The mother”而不是“The mother together with her daughter”。因此謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應該為單數形式。
(誤)The crowd was fighting for their lives.
(正)The crowd were fighting for their lives.
注:主語(yǔ)形式上雖為單數,但意義上視為復數,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應該為復數形式。
(九)英語(yǔ)從句形式多且表現形式復雜
英語(yǔ)的從句主要有:主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句、定語(yǔ)從句、狀語(yǔ)從句等,每種從句都要求用相應的語(yǔ)法形式。因此牽涉到連詞、關(guān)系代詞、關(guān)系副詞的選擇時(shí),中國學(xué)生就很容易混淆;在英語(yǔ)表達時(shí),也往往忽視英語(yǔ)中的連詞。
1、主語(yǔ)從句
(誤)If he’s coming or not doesn’t matter too much.
(正)Whether he’s coming or not doesn’t matter too much.
2、表語(yǔ)從句
(誤)This is that he want.
(正)This is what he want.
3、定語(yǔ)從句
(誤)Everything which he said greatly interested us.
(正)Everything that he said greatly interested us.
4、同位語(yǔ)從句
(誤)That fact which the earth travels around the sun is known to all.
(正)That fact that the earth travels around the sun is known to all.
5、狀語(yǔ)從句
(誤)However you say , I will not change my mind.
(正)Whatever you say , I will not change my mind.
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