新托福獨立寫(xiě)作結構解析：描述解釋型
2014-12-25 16:19:25留學(xué)網(wǎng)整理
對托福有過(guò)了解的讀者都知道，托福寫(xiě)作考試有相對固定的題目，特別是過(guò)去的老托�？荚�，有經(jīng)典的185題庫，所有的寫(xiě)作題目出自這題題庫�，F在的新托福對此進(jìn)行了改革，對題庫進(jìn)行了擴大，但是不管是ETS公布的獨立寫(xiě)作185題庫，還是改革后網(wǎng)考中出現的獨立寫(xiě)作題，它們都有一定的共性。獨立寫(xiě)作185題庫的題目可以按題材分類(lèi)，對于同一題材或基本類(lèi)似的題目，可以使用相同的理由和例子作為論據。如果能按照分類(lèi)題材進(jìn)行復習，就能節省時(shí)間并提高效率。但是光掌握話(huà)題是遠遠不夠的，因為在拿到一個(gè)新托福的獨立寫(xiě)作的題目后，很多考生依然不知所措，不知如何下手。朗閣海外考試研究中心的老師建議廣大托�？忌诿鎸σ粋�(gè)考題時(shí)，可以參考動(dòng)筆前的解題三部曲：先審題找出話(huà)題和問(wèn)題模式，第二步得出文章結構，第三部做Brainstorming擴展論據，準備完畢后再下筆寫(xiě)文章。本文將為大家介紹第二步得出新托福獨立寫(xiě)作文章結構的一些技巧。
從應考方面而言，在接觸一個(gè)新托福獨立寫(xiě)作的題目時(shí)，我們必須要掌握的是文章的結構。嚴謹的結構對觀(guān)點(diǎn)的表達有事半功倍的作用。ETS公布的185題庫的題目和近幾年的托福網(wǎng)考考題，除了話(huà)題上的共性外，在問(wèn)題模式上和雅思議論文一樣，可以歸為固定的幾類(lèi)問(wèn)題模式：
描述解釋型
比較對比型
二選一型
I 描述解釋型
1）概念判斷
判斷一道作文題是否屬于“描述解釋型”，可以看題目是是否包含下列詞匯：describe, explain, identify, why, reason, cause, what, how等。如：
1. （獨立寫(xiě)作185題庫21題。一下括號中的題號均為ETS同一題庫的題號）
In general, people are living longer now. Discuss the causes of this phenomenon. Use specific reasons and details to develop your essay.
2. (168題)
Many students choose to attend schools or universities outside their home countries. Why do some students study abroad? Use specific reasons and details to explain your answer.
3. (179題)
What are some of the qualities of a good parent? Use specific details and examples to explain your answer.
2）對應結構分析
由上述三道題目中關(guān)鍵詞causes, why, what，我們可以判斷它們屬于“描述解釋型”題目。那么此種問(wèn)題模式所對應的文章結構安排如下：
第一段：引言
1. 背景陳述
2. 給出主題陳述
第二段：討論話(huà)題第一點(diǎn)
1. 分論點(diǎn)一（段落主題句）
2. 例證一（論證過(guò)程）
第三段：討論話(huà)題第二點(diǎn)
1. 分論點(diǎn)二（段落主題句）
2. 例證二（論證過(guò)程）
第四段：討論話(huà)題第一點(diǎn)
1. 分論點(diǎn)三（段落主題句）
2. 例證三（論證過(guò)程）
第五段： 結論
1. 復述主題陳述
2. 總結幾個(gè)分論點(diǎn)
對應的英文文章結構如下所示：
Paragraph 1: Introduction
Background + layout
Paragraph 2-4: Body
Reason one / Quality one
Topic Sentence + supporting sentences
Reason two / Quality two
Topic Sentence + supporting sentences
Reason three / Quality three
Topic Sentence + supporting sentences
Paragraph 5: Conclusion:
Restatement of the Body
根據上述結構，給剛剛列舉的三道題目中的第一題列出下列提綱：
原創(chuàng )范例（21題）：
Introduction: A few reasons are thought to contribute to such phenomenon of a longer life expectancy than before.
Main body 1: First of all, availability of basic health care makes people live longer.
eg. More doctors and medicine for common diseases readily available
Main body 2: Moreover, advances in medicine enable people to live a longer life.
eg. development of vaccines against some diseases and flus to prolong patients’ lives.
Main body 3: Last but not least, increasing awareness of health makes people live longer.
eg. regular exercise and change of health-related habits.
原創(chuàng )范例（168題）：
Introduction: Several factors are thought to be the essential to lead to this phenomenon that an increasing number of students choose to further their education abroad instead of at home, three of which are most significant.
Main body 1: First of all, studying abroad enables the students to pursue a program that is not available in their home country.
eg. learning US accounting system
Main body 2: Moreover, studying overseas is a good way to enhance their competitive edge in the future job market.
eg. developing a western critical mind
Main body 3: Last but not least, students can have access to a new language via pursuing education in a foreign country.
eg. learning English in the USA
通過(guò)上述結構的介紹，考生可以自行擴展第三題，模仿原創(chuàng )范例，寫(xiě)一個(gè)提綱。從上面提綱我們不難發(fā)現，在寫(xiě)此類(lèi)文章過(guò)程中，要使文章結構上有邏輯的話(huà)，必須掌握表示列舉關(guān)系和因果關(guān)系的連詞，先列舉如下:
列舉Enumeration：
第一項，首先： in the first place, firstly, initially, first of all, to begin with, to start with, first and foremost
第二項，此外： second, secondly, in the second place, also, besides, in addition, moreover, furthermore
第三項，最后： third, thirdly, in the third place, last but not least, finally, eventually
因果Cause and effect:
原因： because, as, since, for
because of, due to, on account of, as a result of, stemming from
結果： as a result, consequently, therefore, thus, hence
只有在掌握了表示此類(lèi)關(guān)系的連詞的基礎上，考生才能自如地運用之前所列舉的結構，連貫邏輯的表達。值得一提的是，在最近的考題中，描述解釋型的題目出現的幾率相對較低。但考生在考前還是需要全面復習，掌握此種問(wèn)題模式和對應的文章結構，才能在考試中胸有成竹。下一系列中，朗閣海外考試研究中心將為大家介紹新托福獨立寫(xiě)作目前最常出現的問(wèn)題模式：二選一型，并為大家介紹其對應的文章結構。
